Lesson XIV
Participles
In  Paa.l there are six kinds of Participles -viz :
(i) Present Active participles,
(ii) Present Passive Participles,
(iii) Past Indeclinable Participles,*
(iv) Past Active Participles,
(v) Past Passive Participles, and
(vi) Potential Participles
* These have been already dealt with in lesson VIII - B. See Table in lesson VI - B

i. The Present Active Participles are formed by adding " anta " and " maana " to the root; e.g:,
paca 	+ anta		= pacanta;
paca 	+ maana 	= pacamaana,	cooking.

ii. The Present Passive Participles are formed by adding  the Passive suffix "ya " between the root and the suffix " maana ". If the ending of the root is " a " or " aa ", it is changed into " i " , e.g.,
paca 	+ ya 	+ maana 		= paciiyamaana,	being cooked;
suu 		+ ya 	+ maana 		= suuyamaana,	being heard.
Generally these suffixes are added to the forms the roots assume before the third person plural terminations of the present tense.
These participles are inflectional and agree with the noun or pronoun they qualify, in gender, number and case. They are also used when contemporaneity of action is to be indicated. The sense of the English words 'as, since, while, whilst' may be expressed by them.
Declension of pacanta in the masculine
			SINGULAR		PLURAL
Nom.		paca.m, pacanto	pacanto, pacantaa
Voc.		paca.m, paca, pacaa	pacanto, pacantaa
Acc.		pacanta.m		pacante
Instr.		pacataa, pacantena	pacantebhi, pacantehi
Abl. 		pacataa, pacantamhaa	pacantebhi, pacantehi
			pacantasmaa
Dat., Gen		pacato, pacantassa	pacata.m, pacantaana.m
Loc.		pacati, pacante,	pacantesu
			pacantamhi,
			pacantasmi.m
				Feminine
The feminine is formed by adding the suffix " ii ", as 
pacanta + ii  = pacantii, and is declined like feminine nouns ending in " ii " (See lesson X.)
				Neuter
			SINGULAR		PLURAL
Nom., Voc 		paca.m,			pacantaa, pacantaani
Acc.		pacanta.m		pacante, pacantaani
The rest like the masculine.

The Present Participles ending in " maana " are declined like " nara ", " ka--aa " and " phala "; as pacamaano (m.) pacamaanaa (f.) and pacamaana.m (n.)
Illustrations :
gacchanto puriso,			going man, or the man who is going.
gacchantassa purisassa,		to the man who is going.
paccantii (or) pacamaanaa itthii,	the woman who is cooking.
so vadamaano gacchati,		he goes speaking.
patamaana.m phala.m,		the falling fruit.
rakkhiiyamaana.m nagara.m,		the city that is being protected.
Aha.m magge gacchanto ta.m purisa.m passi.m,	 I saw that man while I was going on the way.

(iv), (v) The Past Active and Passive participles are formed by adding the suffix " ta ", or " na " after " d " etc. to the root or stem. If the ending of the root is " a ", it is often changed into " i  ".
Examples :-
-aa		+ ta 	= -aata,	known
su 		+ ta 	= suta, 	heard
paca 	+ ta 	= pacita, 	cooked
rakkha 	+ ta 	= rakkhita, 	protected
chidi 	+na 	= chinna, 	cut
bhidi 	+ na 	= bhinna, 	broken
These are also inflectional and agree with the noun or pronoun they qualify in gender, number and case. They are frequently used to supply the place of verbs, sometimes in conjunction with the auxiliaries " asa " and " hu " to be.
Illustrations :
So gato,				he went or he is gone. (Here hoti is under-stood.)
éhito naro,				the man who stood.
éhitassa narassa, 			to the man who stood or to the man standing.
éhitaaya naariyaa,			to the woman who stood.
Buddhena desito dhammo,	the Doctrine preached by the Buddha.
Sissehi pucchitassa pa-hassa, 	to the question asked by the pupils.

(vi) The Potential Participles are formed by adding the suffix " tabba " to the root or stem with or without. If the ending of the root is " a ", it is often changed into " i ".
Examples :-
Daa	 	+ tabba 		= daatabba,	should or must be given.
-aa 		+ tabba 		= -aatabba, 	should be known.
paca 	+ tabba 		= pacitabba, 	should be cooked.
These participles too agree with the noun or pronoun they qualify in gender, number and case. The agent is put in the Instrumental.
Illustrations :
Janako vanditabbo,		the father should be saluted.
Jananii rakkhitabbaa,		the mother should be protected.
Citta.m rakkhitabba.m,		the mind should be guarded.
Tayaa gantabba.m, 			you should go.
Saavakehi dhammo sotabbo, 	the Doctrine should be heard by the disciples.
Examples :-
Root

present Act. Participle
Present Pass. Part.
Past Part.
Potential Part.
daa
denta
diiyamana
dinna
daatabba
disa*
desenta, desamaana
desiiyamaana
desita
desetabba

passanta, passamaana
passiyamaana
di.t.tha
passitabba
bhuja
bhu-janta, bhu-jamaana
bhu-jiiyamaana
bhutta
bhu-jitabba
gamu
gacchanta, gacchamaana
gacchiiyamaana
gata
gantabba
gaha
ga.nhanta, ga.nhamaana
gayhamaana
gahita
gahetabba
kara
karonta, kurumaana
kayiramaana, kariiyamaana
kata
kattabba, kaatabba
paa
pibanta, pivanta
piiyamaana
piita
paatabba

pibamaana, pivamaana



su
su.nanta, su.namaana
suuyamaana
suta
sotabba, su.nitabba

* disa, (i) to preach; (ii) to see. Desenta, preaching; Passanta, seeing
Words :
Atthi		v.	is, there is
Avihe.thayanta	p.	part. a + vi + he.tha, not hurting
Bhuuta		n.	being
Carati		v.	(cara) wanders
Khaggavisaa.nakappa m.	like a rhinoceros
Nidhaaya		ind.	p. p. ni + dhaa, having left aside
Pema		m.	attachment, love
Sahaaya		m.	friend
Ta.nhaa		f.	craving
Upasa~nkamati	v.	(kamu with upa + sa.m) approaches
Exercise xiv
A
1. " Eva.m me suta.m. "
2. Mayi gate* so aagato.
3. Ki.m tena kata.m?
4. So tassa va.n.na.m bha.namaano ma.m upasa.mkami.
5. Aha.m magge gacchanto tasmi.m rukkhe nisinna.m saku.na.m passi.m.
6. Bhikkhuuhi lokassa dhammo desetabbo.
7. Pu--a.m kattabba.m, paapa.m na kaatabba.m.
8. Ajja etena maggena mayaa gantabba.m.
9. Sabbaa itthiyo dhamma.m sunantiyo etaaya saalaaya nisiidi.msu.
10. Pa.nitaa ya.m ya.m desa.m bhajanti tattha tatth'eva puujitaa honti.
11. Buddhena bujjhitaani saccaani mayaa'pi bujjhitabbaani.
12. Para.m loka.m gacchante tayaa kata.m pu--a.m vaa paapa.m vaa tayaa saddhi.m gacchati.
13. éhito vaa nisinno vaa gacchanto vaa sayanto (or sayaano) vaa aha.m sabbesu sattesu metta.m karomi.
14. Vejjasaalaaya vasantaana.m gilaanaana.m pure osadha.m daatabba.m, pacchaa aparesa.m daatabba.m.
15. Ki.m nu kattabban'ti ajaanantaa te mama purato a.t.tha.msu.
16. " Pemato** jaayati soko - pemato jaayati bhaya.m;
  Pemato vippamuttassa - n'atthi soko kuto bhaya.m. "
17. " Ta.nhaaya jaayati soko - ta.nhaaya jaayati bhaya.m;
  Ta.nhaaya vippamuttassa - n'atthi soko kuto bhaya.m. "
18. Ekasmi.m samaye a--ataro devo rattiya.m Buddha.m upasa~nkamitvaa saddhaaya vanditvaa bhuumiya.m a.t.thaasi. éhito so devo Buddha.m eka.m pa-ha.m pucchi. Pucchantassa devassa Buddho eva.m dhamma.m desesi.
19. Te ga~ngaaya.m nahaayante maya.m passimhaa.
20. " Sabbesu bhuutesu nidhaaya da.na.m
  Avihe.thaya.m a--ataram'pi tesa.m
  Na puttam'iccheyya kuto sahaaya.m
  Eko care Khaggavisaa.nakappo. "

* This is the Locative absolute.
** " To " is another suffix for forming the ablative.



B
1. This wad done by you.
2. The branch was cut by him.
3. I saw a man going in the street.
4. She stood saluting the sage.
5. I came home when he had gone to school.
6. The monkeys ate the fallen fruits.
7. They saw her sitting in the hall.
8. You should not bathe in the river.
9. Let him do what should be done.
10. Thus should it be understood by you.
11. The books written by me should not be given  to them.
12. My friends saw the jewel that was thrown into the fire.
13. I sat on the ground listening to the doctrine preached by the monks.
14. The virtuous should do much merit.
15. The people saw the sick persons drinking medicine given by the physician.