TUTORIAL GUIDE / ADDITIONAL NOTES TO LESSON IV *** We apologise for this delay in the release of GUIDE IV. There has been an unexpected breakdown of our computers for several days. NOUNS / CASES Lesson IV winds up the introduction to the study of cases in Pali. 1. Locative [ Sattami or Seventh Case ] 2. Vocative LOCATIVE CASE : its uses 1. a. to denote the place where some action takes place or something is located [ in - , at - , on - ] e.g. i. Saavatthiyam viharati Jetavane Anaathapi.n.dikassa aaraame S. I. 218 = in Sravasti = he dwells = at Jeta's grove = of Anathapindika = in the monastery ii. gaame vaa yadi vaa 'ra~n~ne yattha passe bhuja"ngama.m S. I. 69 = in the village = or = if = in the forest = where = one sees = a snake iii. Atthi imasmi.m kaaye kesaa lomaa nakhaa dantaa = There is = in this = body = hair of my head = hair on my body = finger nails = teeth 1. b. to denote the time when. e.g. i. Ma.m eva tasmi.m samaye anussareyyaatha Dhajagga Sutta S. I. 219 = me alone = at that = time = think of ii. Pu~n~naani paralokasmi.m pati.t.thaa honti paa.nina.m. S. I. 93 = Good deeds = in the life after = a firm foothold = become = to beings 1. c. Persons or things towards whom or which pleasure or displeasure is directed. e.g. i. Pasaadehi Kokaalika Saariputta-Moggallaanesu citta.m. S. I. 150 = Gladden = O Kokaalika = towards Sariputta and Moggallana = your mind ii. Paduma-niraya.m uppanno Saariputta-Moggallaanesu citta.m aaghaatetvaa. S. I.151 = in Paduma hell = he is born = towards Sariputta and Moggallana = mind = having enraged. 1. d. Partitive or Selective Locative in the sense of ' from among' and 'out of '. e.g. i. Appamatto pamattesu suttesu bahujaagaro Dhp. v. 29 The diligent one = out of those indolent ones = among the sleeping =one who is much awake. 1. e. Locative Absolute. The doer of an action in the locative case, together with the participle [ past or present ] denoting the action put in the same case, is used with an independent sentence to indicate simultaneity of events. e.g. i. Parinibbute Bhagavati saha parinibbaanaa mahaa-bhuumicaalo ahosi. D. II. 156 = on the demise = of the Buddha = together with his demise = great earth tremor = there was. ii. Yassa c ' uggate suriye divaso ' ti pavuccati. Atanatiya Sutta D. III. 194ff. = of which = after arising = of sun = it is day = it is said VOCATIVE CASE 2. a. In the singular, most nouns take the stem form. In the plural, the Nominative and the Vocative appear similar. e.g. i. Maa' ssu te Va.d.dha lokamhi vanatho ahu kudaacana.m = Let there not = to you = O, Vaddha = for the world = a greed = be = at any time Maa puttaka punappuna.m ahu dukkhassa bhaagimaa. Thig. v. 204 = Do not = O, son =again and again = be = of misery = a sharer. GRAMMATICAL NOTES Comments on the new words used, their formation and their usage. LOCATIVE CASE SAAVATTHIYA.M [ 1.a.i. ] loc.sg. / Saavatthi - fem. [ Similar nouns : rattii = night, nadii = river ] VIHARATI [ 1.a i.] = Dwells. Present tense 3rd. sg. Prefix vi + rt. har / harati = takes away. [ carati = moves, tarati = crosses, sarati = moves along , bharati = bears ] Note : The use of a string of locatives in the same sentence - Saavatthiya.m, Jetavane, aaraame. YATTHA[ 1.a.ii.] = There where. Indeclinable. Ya [relative pronoun] + ttha [ indicative of place from rt. sthaa] Compare ka [ interrogative pronoun ] + ttha = kattha = where ? e [ demonstrative pronoun ] + ttha = ettha = here ta [ demonstrative pronoun ] + ttha = tattha = there PASSE [1.a.ii.] = One should see. [ also passeyya ]. Potential 3rd. sg. of passati [ from present stem / pas ]. ATTHI [ 1.a.iii. ] = There is / are. Present 3rd. sg. and pl. [ Rt. as / atthi . Pl. santi. Also atthi : puttaa m' atthi. IMASMI.M [ 1.a.iii. ] = In this. Loc. sg. of aya.m [masc.] and ida.m [ neuter]. ANUSSAREYYAATHA[ 1.b.i.]= Think of. Pot. 2nd. pl. Prefix anu + rt. sar / sarati [ Skt. smr / smarati ]. Also Anussaretha sambuddha.m bhaya.m tumhaaka no siyaa. S. I.220 Let one think of Enlightened one fear to you not will be Anussaretha : Pot. 3rd. sg. Med.[ Attanopada ] PARALOKASMI.M [ 1.b. ii.] = Life after, other world. Adjectival Compound paro + loko. Loc.sg. PASAADEHI [ 1.c.i.] = Gladden. Imperative 2nd. sg. Causative of prefix pa + rt. sad / siidati = delights in // pasaadeti = gladdens. Note the use of locative case here : Saariputta+ Moggallaanesu. AAGHAATETVAA [ 1.c.ii. ] Pubbakiriya or absolutive [ + tvaa]. Causative form : prefix aa + rt. han / ghaateti. UPPANNO [ 1. c. ii. ]= being born. Past part. pass. of prefix ud + rt. pad / pajjati = uppajjati = is born. In the formation of the p.p.p. note the addition of suffixes -ta and -na. [ ud + pad + na = uppanna ]. Also ud + pat + i + ta = uppatita Yo ve uppatita.m kodha.m ratha.m bhanta.m va dhaaraye. Dhp. v. 222 Who indeed arisen anger chariot uncontrolled like restrain. PAMATTESU [ 1.d.i.] Loc. pl. Past part.pass. of prefix pa + rt. mad / majjati = delays, neglects. [ mad + ta ]. The use of the locative here is Partitive or Selective. It is similar to the use we had with the Genitive. It means 'out of ' or 'from among'. SUTTESU [ 1.d. i. ] Loc. pl. Past part. pass. of rt. sup / supati, soppati = sleeps [ sup + ta = sutta ]. Also sup + i + ta = supita. Supita means more the sleeping than the person fallen asleep. Ko attho supitena te. S. I. 198 = What use in sleeping to you. BHAGAVATI [ 1.e.i. ] Loc. sg. of bhagavant. Suffixes - vant and -mant are added to nouns to denote possession. e.g. dhana + vant = dhanavaa[ = having wealth ].Likewise, cakkhu + mant = cakk humaa [ he who has eyes or vision ]. These, as well as present participle forms which end in -ant like gacchant [ going ] are declined alike. SAHA PARINIBBAANAA [ 1.e.i. ]. The indeclinable saha [ = with, simultaneous with ] is here used with the Ablative as in 'saha parinibbaanaa' in the sense of ' simultaneous with'. We see a similar usage in " sahaa ' v ' assa dassana sampadaaya " at Sn. v. 231. Saha eva assa dassanasampadaaya = Simultaneous with the attainment of insight. AHOSI [ 1.e.i. ]. Sigmatic aorist - one of several in Pali, 3rd. sg. Aorist prefix a + rt. huu or bhuu [ hoti / bhavati = is, there is, becomes ] + aorist ending -si. 3rd. pl. ahesu.m. UGGATE [ 1.e.ii. ] Loc. sg. Past part. pass. of prefix ud + rt. gam / gacchati = goes. [ ud + gam + ta = uggata = risen up, ascended]. PAVUCCATI [ 1.e. ii. ] Present tense 3rd. sg. Passive. Prefix pa + rt. vac + ya + ti = vuccati = is said. In these participial formations, the roots often undergo modification. Note the following. vas / vasati = dwells : vus + i + ta = vusita = have lived. vap / vapati = sows : vup + ta = vutta = what has been sown. vac / [ vadati ] = speaks : vuc + ta = vutta = has been said. Dhammavihari