TUTORIAL GUIDE / ADDITIONAL NOTES TO LESSON VIII *** You have had so far seven TUTORIAL GUIDES and three Reading Assignments. A limited number, no doubt. But working at a global level, we presume that these have meant to you a great deal of profitable home work and equipped you with a fair knowledge of the Pali language : its vocabulary and its usage. Today I am introducing you to reading material with more metrical compositions within them, i.e. mixed prose-verse compositions, a style which is very popular in Pali narrative literature. Jaataka literature in particular, with a wealth of the older stratum of the language preserved in the metrical portions, could be for the beginner a valuable source of reading material. Handle them with courage. I know you are strong enough. Good luck to you. ----------------- ------------------------- Reading Assignment No. 4 ----------------------------------------- Atha na.m aalambaayano dviihi gaathaahi ajjhabhaasi. Sut.m me ta.m arahata.m sa~n~nataana.m tapassina.m Idha daanaani datvaana sagga.m gacchanti daayakaa. Jiivanto dehi daanaani yadi te atthi daatave. Aya.m naago mahiddhiko tejasii duratikkamo Tena ta.m .da.msayissaami so ta.m bhasma.m karissati ' ti. Tattha daatave ' ti yadi te ki~nci daatabbamatthi ta.m dehi. Mayaa p ' eta.m suta.m samma sa~n~nataana.m yasassina.m Idha daanaani datvaana sagga.m gacchanti daayakaa. Tvameva dehi jiivanto yadi te atthi daatave. Aya.m accimukhii naama pu.n.naa uggassa tejasaa. Taaya ta.m .da.msayissaami saa ta.m bhasma.m karissati. Yaa dhiitaa dhatara.t.thassa vemaataa bhagi.nii mama. Saa dissatu accimukhii pu.n.naa uggassa tejasaa ' ti. Imaa gaathaa sudassanassa vacana.m. Tattha 'pu.n.naa uggassa tejasaa' ti uggena visena pu.n.naa. Eva~n ca pana vatvaa amma accimukhii ja.tantarato me nikkhamitvaa paa.nimhi pati.t.thahaa ' ti mahaajana-majjhe yeva bhagi.nim pakkositvaa hattha.m pasaaresi. Saa tassa sadda.m sutvaa ja.tantare nipannaa ' va tikkhattu.m ma.n.dukavassa.m vassitvaa nikkhamitvaa a.msa-kuu.te nisiiditvaa uppatitvaa hattha-thale tii.ni visa-binduuni paatetvaa puna tassa ja.tantaram eva paavisi. Sudassano visa.m gahetvaa .thito nassissat ' aaya.m janapado vinassissat ' aaya.m janapado ' ti tikkhattu.m abhaasi. Tassa so saddo dvaadasa-yojanika.m Baaraanasi.m chaadetvaa a.t.thaasi. Atha raajaa kimattha.m janapado nassissatii ' ti pucchi. Mahaaraaja imassa visassa nisi~ncana.t.thaana.m na passaamii ' ti. Taata mahantaa ' ya.m pa.thavii. Pa.thaviya.m nisi~ncaa ' ti. Atha na.m na sakkaa mahaaraajaa ' ti pa.tikkhipanto gaatham aaha. Chamaaya~n ce nisi~ncissa.m Brahmadatta vijaanahi Ti.nalataani osadhyo ussusseyyu.m asamsayan ' ti. Tattha 'ti.nalataanii' ti pa.thavi-nissitaani ti.naani ca lataa ca sabbosadhiyo ca. Tasmaa na sakkaa pa.thaviya.m si~ncitun ' ti. Tena hi nam taata uddha.m aakaase khipaa ' ti. Tatthaa ' pi na sakkaa ' ti dassento gaatha.m aaha. Uddha~n ce paatayissaami Brahmadatta vijaanahi Sata-vassaaan ' aya.m devo na vasse na hima.m pate ' ti. Tattha ' na hima.m pate ' ti sata vassaani hima-bindu-mattam ' pi na patissati. Tena hi udake si~ncaahi ' iti. Tatraa ' pi nasakkaa ' ti dassetu.m gaatha.m aaha. Udaka.m ce nisi~ncissa.m Brahmadatta vijaanahi Yaavataa odakaa paa.naa mareyyu.m maccha-kacchapaa ' ti. Atha na.m raajaa aaha. Taata maya.m na ki~nci jaanaama. Yathaa a.mhaaka.m ra.t.tha.m na nassati ta.m upaaya.m tvameva jaanaahii ' ti. Tena hi mahaaraaja imasmi.m .thaane pa.tipaa.tiyaa tayo aavaa.te kha.naapethaa ' ti. Raajaa kha.naapesi. Sudassano majjhima.m aavaa.ta.m naanaa-bhesajjaana.m puuraapesi. Dutiya.m gomayassa tatiya.m dibb ' osadhaana~n~neva. Tato majjhime aavaa.te visa-binduuni paatesi. Ta.m kha.na~n~neva dhuumaayitvaa jaalaa u.t.thahi. Saa gantvaa gomaya-aavaa.ta.m ga.nhi. Tato ' pi jaalaa u.t.thaaya itara.m dibb ' osadha-pu.n.na.m gahetvaa osadhaani jhaapetvaa nibbaayi. Aalambaayano tassa aavaa.tassa aviduure a.t.thaasi. Atha na.m visa-usumaa pahari. Sariira-cchavi uppaa.tetvaa gataa seta-ku.t.thii ahosi. So bhaya-tajjito naaga-raajaana.m vissajjemiiti tikkhattu.m vaaca.m nicchaaresi. Bhuuridatta Jaataka SHB. VII. p. 172 ff. Grammatical Notes -------------------------- * for greater attention and closer study. dviihi gaathaahi: instrument of means. = in or with two stanzas [dvi = two | gaathaa = stanza] ajjhabhaasi = he spoke. Aorist 3rd. sg. Prefix adhi - + aorist augment a - + rt. bhaas + aorist ending - i. Note. adhi + a = ajjha. s in -si is part of the rt. bhaas/bhaasati = speaks. See Geiger - A Pali Grammar $ 158 suta.m = it has been heard. p.p.p. rt. su : su.noti/su.naati [su + ta]. The participle being passive, the doer is put in the instrumental case as in suta.m me. arahata.m : gen. pl. of arahant = one worthy of honour sa~n~nataana.m : gen. pl. of sa~n~nata = restrained one [p.p.p. prefix sa.m + rt. ya.m + suffix - ta ]. tapassina.m : gen. pl. of tapassii = practiser or possessor of austerities [tapas + poss. suffix -vin = tapassii]. * All three words above are in the genitive case denoting the source of hearing : heard of/from. e.g. Na a~n~nassa sama.nassa vaa braahma.nassa vaa sutvaa vadaami = I do not say it having heard it from another recluse or brahmin. datvaana : Gerund or past active participle. rt. daa + suffix -tvaana. [also datvaa]. jiivanto = living. Participle present active. rt. jiiv / jiivati = lives. dehi : Imperative 2nd. sg. rt. daa / deti = gives. daatave [ = that which should be given away ]. Future passive participle or participle of necessity. rt. daa + suffix-tave. cf. daatabba, deya/deyya with similar meaning. e.g. daatave tad ama~n~nisum. = They thought it should be given away. Sn. v. 286 At times it seems to have the force and meaning of an infinitive. e.g. Pariphandati m ' ida.m citta.m maaradheyya.m pahaatave. Dhp. v. 34 mahiddhiko = possessor of great power. Note the function of the - ka suffix. [mahaa + iddhi + ka]. tejasii = possessor of strength. Possessor indicated by the - in suffix. [tejas + in] duratikkamo = invincible, unsurpassable. [dur + ati + kamo - rt. kam/kamati = goes, passes by] * tena ta.m .da.msayissaami = I shall get you stung by him. Note the use of the instrumental [ tena ] for the doer of the secondary caused action here of 'stinging' : tena .da.msayissaami. * bhasma.m karissati = reduce to ashes. Note this use with a complement to the verb. bhasma = ashes|karoti = make. bhasma.m karissati = shall make ashes of. rt. kar + i + ssa + ti = future 3rd. sg. ** Note : 'Tattha daatave'ti yadi te ki~nci daatabbamatthi ta.m dehi.' This Commentary like grammatical explanatory note within the body of the story apparently reflects a written down literary tradition. * pu.n.naa uggassa tejasaa = filled with power of the highest order. [ugga = high, teja(s) = power]. pu.n.naa[ = filled with ].p.p.p. rt. puur + suffix -na. Puurati = fills[ intansitive ]. puureti = fills [transitive]. cf. aa + rt. car = aaci.n.na [ aacarati = practises ]. vi + rt. kiir = viki.n.na [ vikirati = scatters ] Material with which something is filled is usually put in the genitive case. See below. Inst. is also used. taaya = by/through her. Inst. sg. of saa. Doer of the secondary causative action .da.msayissaami. See above. vemaataa = of a different mother dissatu = may she [saa] be seen. Imperative 3rd. sg. passive of passati = he sees. ** Imaa gaathaa sudassanassa vacana.m. = These stanzas are the words of Sudassana. Note the Commentary like explanation offered in these words. ** Note the grammatical gloss in these words. Tattha 'pu.n.naa uggatejasaa'ti uggena visena pu.n.naa. ja.tantarato = from within the turban [ja.taa + antara + to]. Suffix -to added to nominal forms gives an ablative meaning. e.g. Raajato vaa duruttassa corato pii.litassa vaa. Nidhika.n.da Sutta v.2. Khuddkapaa.tha. raaja + to = from or by a king durutta = censured ( ill-uttered ). p.p.p. [ dur + rt. vac ( uc ) + ta ] cora + to = from or by thieves pii.lita = harassed . p.p.p. [rt. pii.d (pii.l ) + i + ta] nikkhamitvaa = having come out of, gone away. Gerund : prefix ni (s) + rt. ka.m + i + tvaa. The presence of (s) in the prefix nis - turns the rt. kam into kkha.m. pati.t.thaha = place your self. Imperative 2nd. sg. Also pati.t.thahaahi. Prefix pati + rt. thaa. This yields 2 forms : i. pati.t.thaati ii. pati.t.thahati. Details of this process of split aspirate shall be discussed later. pakkositvaa = having summoned. Gerund: prefix pa + rt. kus [kosati] + i + tvaa. pasaaresi = stretched out. s- aorist 3rd. sg. Prefix pa + saare [causative form of rt. sar/sarati = moves] + si. nipannaa = lying down. p.p.p. Prefix ni + rt. pad + suffix -na [nipajjati = reclines]. tikkhattu.m = three times. Indeclinable -khattum = times is coupled with a numeral like dvi + - | catu + - vassam = the cry of an animal or human. Also as vassita.m. Vassitvaa = having made such a cry. Gerund. e.g. suvijaana.m sigaalaana.m sakuntaana~n ca vassita.m easily identifiable of jackals of birds as well the cries manussa-vassita.m raaja dubbijaanatara.m tato. Jaataka [.. .? ] human cries O, King more difficult to understand than that. uppatitvaa = lept up. Gerund. prefix ud + rt. pat + i + tvaa [patati = falls]. Note d + p = pp hattha- thale = palm of the hand visa - binduuni = drops of poison paatetvaa = having dropped. Gerund. rt. pat/patati = falls. Causative form paate + tvaa= causing to fall. paavisi = entered. Aorist 3rd. sg. prefix pa + augment a + rt. vis + i. * nassissati = will perish. Fut. 3rd. sg. rt. nas + ya [conjugational sign] + issa + ti. abhaasi = He spoke. Aorist 3rd. sg. Aorist augment a + rt. bhaas + i. Note s in -si belongs to the rt. bhaas. In akaasi, ahaasi, adaasi etc. s of -si is part of s- aorist. chaadetvaa = having covered ,enveloped, spread over. Gerund. rt. chad / chaadeti = covers. nisi~ncana = sprinkling, pouring over. prefix ni + rt. sic / si~ncati. sakkaa = able. Indeclinable. * nisi~ncissa.m = If I were to sprinkle. Conditional 1st. sg. vijaanahi = do thou know. Imperative 2nd. sg. More regular vijaanaahi. prefix vi + rt. jan / jaanaati. osadhyo = medicinal plants. More regular osadhiyo as in sabbosadhiyo below. ussusseyyu.m = would wither away. Optative 3rd. pl. prefix ud + rt. sus/sussati. asa.msaya.m = without doubt. a + samsaya. Adverbial use. uddha.m = upwards. Indeclinable. Adverbial use. paatayissaami.= I shall cause it to fall. Causative of rt. pat/ patati = falls. Causative : paateti / paatayati. vasse = shall rain. Potential 3rd. sg. rt. vas/vassati. Also vasseyya. pate = shall fall. Potential 3rd. sg. rt. pat/patati. mareyyu.m = shall die. Potential 3rd. pl. rt. mru/marati . Also miiyati. pa.tipaa.tiyaa = in succession. Inst. sg. in adverbial use. kha.naapetha = you have them dug. Imperative 2nd. pl. of the causative form. rt. kha.n + aape + tha. ** naanaa-bhesajjaana.m puuraapesi = had them filled with diverse medicines. Note the use of the Genitive to denote the material with which something is filled : also gomayassa and osadhaana.m. puuraapesi : causative of puureti [ rt. puur + aape + ti ]. dhuumaayitvaa = having smoked. Gerund of the denominative verb dhuuma + aayati. Dhammavihari